NAD+
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What Is NAD+?
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a critical coenzyme found in all living cells that plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and DNA repair. NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, and supplementation with precursors like NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) or NR (nicotinamide riboside) aims to restore NAD+ levels to support healthy aging, cellular energy production, and metabolic function.
NAD+ Research & Studies
01 The role of NAD+ metabolism and its modulation of mitochondria in aging and disease ▸
Comprehensive review showing NAD+ decline is associated with aging and chronic disorders, and that raising cellular NAD+ through precursors can restore mitochondrial and organismal homeostasis, making NAD+ boosting a promising therapeutic strategy.
View Study (Nature)02 NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges ▸
Critical review revealing that while preclinical studies support NAD+ supplementation for healthy aging, human clinical trials have shown limited efficacy, with evidence for age-related NAD+ decline consistently observed only in limited studies.
View Study (Nature)03 The use of a systems approach to increase NAD+ in human participants ▸
Double-blind randomized crossover trial showing that a multi-targeted NAD+ supplement increased whole blood NAD+ levels, increased SIRT1, reduced inflammatory cytokines, and shifted immunoglobulin glycosylation toward a younger biological age.
View Study (Nature)04 Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults ▸
2×6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial demonstrating that chronic NR supplementation is well-tolerated, effectively stimulates NAD+ metabolism in healthy middle-aged and older adults, and may reduce blood pressure and arterial stiffness.
View Study (Nature)NAD+ User Reviews & Experiences
*Based on large scale analysis of publicly available user experiences
User experiences are genuinely mixed, with notable research support for NAD+ biology but limited clinical evidence of meaningful benefits in humans. While precursors are well-tolerated and can raise NAD+ levels, the translation to measurable health improvements remains uncertain based on current data.
NAD+ Benefits, Dosage & Side Effects
- Mitochondrial Support: NAD+ is essential for mitochondrial energy production and cellular respiration through its role in the electron transport chain
- Cellular Aging Modulation: NAD+ serves as substrate for sirtuins and other enzymes involved in DNA repair, cellular senescence, and longevity pathways
- Anti-inflammatory Effects: NAD+ supplementation has been shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-2 in clinical trials
- Metabolic Function: NAD+ plays a central role in glycolysis, TCA cycle, and regulating nutrient sensing pathways critical for metabolic health
- Bioavailability: NR and NMN precursors effectively increase blood NAD+ levels in human trials, though tissue-specific effects vary significantly
- Clinical Translation Gap: While rodent studies show promising anti-aging effects, human clinical trials have demonstrated limited efficacy for functional health outcomes
- Individual Variation: NAD+ metabolism appears highly tissue-specific and individualized, making extrapolation from animal studies challenging
- Systems Approach: Multi-targeted supplements addressing multiple points in the NAD+ salvage pathway show promise for greater efficacy than single precursors
- NR Dosing: Clinical trials commonly use 250-1000mg daily of nicotinamide riboside, with 6-week supplementation periods showing NAD+ elevation
- Chronic Supplementation: Evidence suggests chronic rather than acute supplementation is necessary for sustained NAD+ elevation and potential benefits
- Precursor Selection: Different NAD+ precursors (NR, NMN, niacin) may have varying tissue distribution and efficacy profiles
- Timing Considerations: Limited human data on optimal timing, though consistent daily dosing appears standard in clinical research
- Generally Well-Tolerated: Multiple clinical trials report good tolerability with minimal adverse effects from NAD+ precursor supplementation
- Limited Long-term Data: Safety data for chronic use beyond several months remains limited in human populations
- Metabolic Effects: Potential impacts on glucose metabolism and blood pressure noted in some studies, requiring monitoring
- Individual Responses: Side effect profiles may vary based on baseline NAD+ status and individual metabolic characteristics
- Supplement Market: NR and NMN are widely available as dietary supplements, though quality and purity vary significantly between manufacturers
- Research Stage: While precursors are commercially available, the field is still establishing clinical efficacy and optimal formulations for human use
Related Compounds
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