FMN
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What Is FMN?
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), also known as riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is the bioactive form of Vitamin B2 that serves as a vital prosthetic group for mitochondrial oxidoreductases like NADH dehydrogenase. It facilitates essential electron transfer in the respiratory chain and acts as a cofactor for blue-light photoreceptors, playing a critical role in cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial function.
FMN Research & Studies
01 Riboflavin metabolism: role in mitochondrial function ▸
This review details how riboflavin derivatives like FMN are indispensable for mitochondrial energy production and the maintenance of the electron transport chain.
View Study (PubMed)02 Flavin mononucleotide ▸
An analysis of FMN as a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD, highlighting its unique ability to participate in both one- and two-electron transfers within cells.
View Study (Wikipedia)FMN User Reviews & Experiences
*Based on large scale analysis of publicly available user experiences
Users generally view FMN as a superior, more bioavailable form of Vitamin B2 compared to standard riboflavin, specifically noting its efficacy in supporting mitochondrial health and energy levels.
FMN Benefits, Dosage & Side Effects
- Mitochondrial Enhancement: FMN supports the electron transport chain, specifically Complex I, to optimize ATP production.
- Bioactive Energy Support: As the primary form found in tissues, it provides more immediate metabolic support than standard riboflavin.
- Solubility Benefits: FMN is significantly more water-soluble than basic riboflavin, leading to better absorption and systemic utilization.
- Mitochondrial Rescue: Highly effective in clinical contexts for treating mitochondrial diseases and ischemia/reperfusion injury.
- Bioavailability: Considered more effective for those with riboflavin kinase deficiencies who cannot convert standard B2 efficiently.
- Fast-Acting: Because it does not require the same metabolic conversion steps as riboflavin, it is utilized more rapidly by cells.
- Common Supplement Dose: Often found in 'Coenzymated' B-complexes ranging from 10mg to 50mg.
- Clinical Application: Higher therapeutic doses are used in medical settings for corneal cross-linking or specific metabolic disorders.
- Enhanced RDA: Intake often exceeds the standard 1.1-1.3mg RDA when used for targeted mitochondrial support.
- Chromaturia: Harmless bright yellow or neon-orange discoloration of urine due to excess riboflavin excretion.
- Digestive Comfort: Generally well-tolerated, though high doses may cause mild gastrointestinal upset in sensitive individuals.
- Rapid Absorption: Unlike standard B2, its high solubility can lead to faster but shorter-lived peaks in serum levels if not taken with food.
- Over-the-Counter: Widely available as a dietary supplement often labeled as Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate.
- FDA Approved: Recently approved in specific formulations (Epioxa) for medical use in treating keratoconus as of October 2025.
- Food Additive: Commonly found in European food products under the designation E101a.
Related Compounds
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